In males, testosterone (TST) is the principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. Physical activity, Smoking, Race/ethnicity, Testosterone Adult NHW, NHB, and NHAS nonsmokers had statistically significantly lower T-TST levels than NHW, NHB, and NHAS smokers respectively (p ≤ 0.02). Among adolescents, overall, NHW and NHB had statistically significantly higher T-TST levels in the morning as compared to these levels in the evening (p ≤ 0.02). For adult males, morning levels of T-TST were 21-31% higher than the T-TST levels during evening among NHW and there was no diurnal variation in T-TST levels among NHB nonsmokers but NHB smokers had 3%-12% higher T-TST levels during the morning as compared to the evening. For adolescent males, diurnal variability in T-TST levels was substantially smaller among smokers than nonsmokers for non-Hispanic white (NHW) and Hispanics but the reverse was true for non-Hispanic black (NHB). The effect of race/ethnicity and smoking on diurnal variations in total serum testosterone level (T-TST) was evaluated by analyzing data from NHANES for 2011-2012 for adolescent and adult males.
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